Chronic stress is a type of stress that persists for a long time and can have adverse effects on both physical and mental health. It can be challenging to identify because the symptoms may have become typical for the individual. Some common signs and symptoms of chronic stress include physical symptoms such as headaches, digestive problems, muscle tension, and fatigue. It can also cause emotional symptoms such as irritability, anxiety, and depression, lead to behavioural changes such as increased use of drugs or alcohol, overeating, or social withdrawal, cause cognitive difficulties such as poor concentration and memory problems, and disturb sleep patterns.

Psychotherapy, also known as talk therapy or counselling, can be an effective treatment for managing and reducing stress. A therapist can help identify the sources of stress, develop coping strategies, change negative thought patterns, improve communication skills, provide emotional support, and monitor progress. Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy that is particularly effective in treating stress. CBT aims to change negative thought patterns and behaviours that contribute to stress. Several CBT theories apply to stress treatment, including cognitive restructuring, behavioural activation, mindfulness, relaxation training, and exposure therapy. CBT exercises can help individuals develop effective coping strategies for managing stress.

Psychodynamic psychotherapy is another therapy that focuses on exploring unconscious thoughts and emotions contributing to stress. Psychoanalytic theories that can help understand stress include unconscious conflicts, defence mechanisms, and early experiences. A psychodynamic therapist will use a combination of techniques to help the individual gain insight into the underlying causes of their stress. This may involve exploring unconscious conflicts, identifying and exploring defence mechanisms, and working through past experiences that may be contributing to stress. The therapist will provide a supportive environment to help the individual feel safe to explore and gain insight into their thoughts and feelings. Through this process, the individual can develop more effective coping strategies and better understand how to manage their stress. Psychodynamic therapy is a longer-term therapy, and progress may be gradual but can lead to lasting change.